Competitive gamification refers to the process of integrating elements of competitive games (e.g. leaderboards, point-scoring systems, duels) into non-game contexts.

Thrifting is the activity of searching through and buying second-hand items. As opposed to buying brand new items, thrift stores sell used or worn items at a discount price.

Grants are sums of money provided by the government and are not required to be paid back.  Corporate start-ups are given grants to help them grow and universities are given grants to help them with their research.  

Misogynistic behavior includes actions that show hatred, dislike, mistrust, or prejudice against women. Examples range from subtle actions like interrupting women, making sexist jokes, or giving them less credit, to more overt behaviors like sexual harassment, control, discrimination, and violence against women.

The Golden Age of Piracy (approximately 1650–1730) was a period marked by extensive maritime trade, expanding colonial empires, and widespread piracy in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Indian Ocean. During this era, pirates operated both independently and in loose networks, often targeting merchant ships and coastal settlements. European monarchs occasionally issued “pardons” to pirates, offering legal forgiveness if they abandoned piracy and returned to lawful activity. Those who accepted could re-enter society or, in some cases, serve the state in maritime roles. Those who refused remained subject to pursuit by naval forces and faced severe punishment if captured.